Universal precautions are recommended when which of the following is present?

Universal precautions are a set of guidelines designed to prevent the transmission of bloodborne pathogens and other infectious materials in situations where there is a risk of exposure to bodily fluids. The rationale behind these precautions is that any bodily fluid should be treated as potentially infectious, regardless of the perceived risk associated with it. This includes fluids such as blood, saliva, and other secretions that could carry viruses or bacteria.

When bodily fluids are present, the implementation of universal precautions involves using personal protective equipment (PPE) like gloves, masks, and face shields, as well as following proper hand hygiene protocols. This comprehensive approach ensures that individuals, especially those working in environments like pools where exposure might occur, minimize their risk of infection.

The other scenarios listed do not present similar risks. For example, the delivery of chemical drums does not involve bodily fluids, and thus the specific precautions related to disease transmission are not required. Applying sunscreen and testing pH do not include exposure to any fluids that could transmit infections. Therefore, the presence of bodily fluids is the critical factor that necessitates the application of universal precautions.